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Boolean Searching in Legal Databases: And, Or, Not

How to build and use Boolean search terms in legal databases in order to find documents matching specific criteria

And, Or, Not - The Venn Connection

Boolean Operators

Boolean operators allow searchers to customize how search operates

Although I am using capital letters to make these operators easy to find that is not needed

The three basic Boolean operators are

AND

OR

NOT (expressed as % in both Westlaw and Lexis, expressed as AND NOT in Lexis, expressed as NOT in Bloomberg Law)

AND

The AND function requires an additional term to be in the document.

It serves to narrow the search.

For example the search “Warranty of Habitability” AND “Covenant of Habitability” will find fewer matches than just “Covenant of Habitability.”

OR

The OR function allows the search to find other matches.

It serves to broaden the search.

For example, the search “Warranty of Habitability” OR “Covenant of Habitability” will find more matches than either phrase alone.

NOT

The NOT function allows the search to exclude results with certain terms

It serves to narrow the search.

For example, the search “Warranty of Habitability” NOT “Covenant of Habitability” will find fewer results than simply “Warranty of Habitability.”

NOT in both Westlaw and Lexis is expressed %

  • “Warranty of Habitability” % “Covenant of Habitability”

NOT in Lexis can also be expressed AND NOT.

  • “Warranty of Habitability” AND NOT “Covenant of Habitability”

NOT in Bloomberg is expressed NOT, AND NOT, BUT NOT

  • “Warranty of Habitability” NOT “Covenant of Habitability”
  • “Warranty of Habitability” AND NOT “Covenant of Habitability”
  • “Warranty of Habitability” BUT NOT “Covenant of Habitability”